Electrical Circuits

Electrical circuits are mechanisms that allow electric energy to flow in a specific path to perform a desired function. Their operation typically occurs when an electric current from one or more power sources (usually a battery or power supply) flows through the components in the circuit along a specific path and achieves the intended result. The main components of electrical circuits and their operations are as follows:

Resistor

• A resistor is a component that resists the flow of current in electrical circuits.
• Resistors are often used to limit or control current in a circuit or to prevent undesirable current or voltage fluctuations.
• According to Ohm's Law, Resistance (R) = Voltage (V) / Current (I).

Capacitor

• A capacitor is a component that stores and releases electric charge.
• It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating (dielectric) material.
• Capacitors are commonly used in timing circuits, filtering systems, and frequency dividers.

Transistor

• A transistor is an active semiconductor device used to control electrical signals.
• It is widely used in amplifiers, switching circuits, and oscillators.
• A transistor has three terminals: Emitter, Collector, and Base.

Diode

• A diode is a semiconductor component that allows current to flow in only one direction in electrical circuits.
• It is formed by joining conductive and insulative layers.
• Diodes are used in rectification (converting AC to DC), protection, and switching applications.

These components serve as the fundamental building blocks of electronic circuits. By combining them in various ways, complex circuits can be created. The working principles of electrical circuits depend on the characteristics of these components and the circuit's design. The interaction and connection between components are crucial for the proper functioning and performance of circuits."